Integrated circuits and logic gates

Firstly-what are integrated circuits? Are they of any importance for us?

Integrated circuits are complex, but tiny electric circuits in a plastic cover, with various pins. Each of them does a specific operation, modifying the electricity in a certain way. They are EXTREMELY important to us, as , without them, the beautiful smartphones we know would be the size of a gym.

They usually have complicated names written on the top. These names don't tell anything, so the user should search on the internet for an explanation of how the specific integrated circuit works.

OK, but what are logic gates? They are sorts of integrated circuits that change the output signal depending on the input signals. There are 4 types of basic logic gates, along with their negated versions. They generally have two input pins along with one output pin.

The NOT logic gate negates the one input signal (positive to negative and negative to poitive), giving its inverse.

The AND logic gate gives a positive output signal if both (or all) input signals are positive. In any other case, the gate gives a negative output signal.

The OR logic gate gives a positive output signal if one or more input signals are positive.

The XOR (also called Ex-OR, or Exclusive OR)logic gate gives a positive output signal if one or more input signals are positive, but not if all input signals are positive.

What are the positive and negative signals? A negtive signal means no electricity, and a positive-electricity.

These logic gates are the ideal version, used in programming, but they also exist in the forms of integrated circuits.

There are also 3 more logic gates: NAND, NOR, X-NOR, which are just the AND, OR and XOR respectivey, but with an inverse result; like combining a NOR with those.

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